色情视频

California sheephead and spiny lobsters may be helping control sea urchin populations in Southern California kelp forests, where sea otters 鈥� a top urchin predator 鈥� have long been missing, according to a new 色情视频 (色情视频) study published in the journal . The research provides new insight into the complex predator-prey relationships in kelp forests that can be seen in the absence of sea otters. 
The study is also the first to experimentally test the relative impact, or rate of feeding, of the California sheephead and spiny lobsters in comparison to sea otters, whose historical range spanned from British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, Mexico. 
鈥淗ealthy kelp forests are important both economically and ecologically along our coast. They act as nurseries and vital habitat for valuable fishery species, recreation sites for kayakers, free divers, and scuba divers, and serve as the base of rocky reef food webs,鈥� said Robert Dunn, who led the study as a Ph.D. candidate at 色情视频 and University of California, Davis, funded by a .
Kelp forests rely on the proper balance of herbivory and predation. Sea urchins dwell on the seafloor where they forage on macroalgae, including giant kelp. If their populations are left unchecked by predation, they can decimate kelp forests and prevent kelp from growing. That can transform a thriving community of kelp into an oceanic desert, known as an urchin barren. 
The relationships between predators and prey vary among communities. Sea urchins have recently decimated kelp forests in Northern California, leaving researchers to wonder why Southern California kelp forests have remained relatively intact without sea otters to control the urchin populations.
Past research has indicated that  in Southern California house a diversity of predators -- warranting fewer urchins and abundant kelp. Dunn and his 色情视频 graduate advisor, Kevin Hovel, set out to better understand the potential for top-down control by these two distinct predators: the California sheephead and spiny lobsters.
鈥淥ne of the main things to note about Robert鈥檚 research is that he was able to experimentally control, for one of the first times, many factors that allow us to test whether or not these predators have the right amount of influence, whether they can eat fast enough, and if there are enough of these predators within the ecosystem to exert strong influences on sea urchins,鈥� said Hovel, a professor of biology at the Coastal and Marine Institute at 色情视频. 
The new findings are in line with concurrent international research. Dunn said another recent study in southern Australia 鈥渇ound comparable results that predators and disease seem to be able to control urchins up to a certain density, similar to the number we found, but once urchins get to really high densities, those two factors no longer regulate urchin populations. Since our results are in line with findings on other rocky reefs, we believe this to be solid evidence indicating our results are robust.鈥� 
The new research provides valuable information to understand and protect California鈥檚 quintessential kelp forests. The researchers note, however, that further research is needed to tease out the complex relationships between sea urchins and their predators. 
鈥淭hese results shed light on a very nuanced relationship, that requires further research on rocky reefs around the globe,鈥� said Dunn. 鈥淎t the same time, we are already experiencing effects from global climate change, which will have additional consequences for these important ecosystems.鈥�
Throughout his fellowship experience, Dunn has connected with  researchers and collaborators at UC Davis to follow up on this work utilizing a modeling approach to assess what happens in the absence of fishing for lobsters and urchins in kelp forests. Dunn recently started a postdoctoral position with Hovel at 色情视频 to build on the reported research, assessing spiny lobster demographic rates, food web positions, and genetic population structure, also with California Sea Grant funded support.