The Shifting Rationales for Vaping
A new long-term study uses social media data to learn why people use e-cigarettes and why they started in the first place.
Published in the journal , the work was led by 色情视频 researcher and public health surveillance expert John W. Ayers and bypasses the inherent limitations and inaccuracies of survey responses by sourcing data directly from people鈥檚 own comments on social media.
鈥淛ust look to surveys from the recent presidential election or Brexit as examples of surveys鈥� weakening ability to gauge public sentiment, attitudes or behaviors,鈥� Ayers said. 鈥淏ut what if we could listen in to what people are naturally saying about e-cigarettes to their friends rather than a surveyor?鈥�
Pioneering method in practice
To do just that, Ayers and colleagues mined Twitter data from more than 3 million public tweets about e-cigarettes between 2012 and 2015 to understand vaping鈥檚 surge in popularity over that time.All English-language public tweets that included several e-cigarette terms (such as 鈥渆-cigarette鈥� and 鈥渧ape,鈥� among dozens of others) were captured from the Twitter data stream over that time period. After excluding spam, advertisements and retweets, posts from real Twitter users indicating their rationale for vaping were retained and classified.
During 2012, quitting 鈥渃ombustibles鈥濃�攃igarettes and other smoking tobacco products鈥攚as the most commonly cited reason for using e-cigarettes, mentioned in nearly half (43 percent) of all rationale-related tweets. Coming in second was social image (21 percent), followed by ability to use indoors (14 percent), available flavors (14 percent), perceived safety (9 percent), cost (3 percent) and agreeable odor (2 percent).
By 2015, the tweeted reasons for using e-cigarettes had shifted. Both 鈥渜uitting combustibles鈥� and 鈥渁bility to use indoors鈥� significantly decreased in mentions.
At the same time, social image became the most mentioned rationale in 2015, cited in 37 percent of the collected tweets.
鈥淭he reasons people vape shifted away from cessation and toward social image during the time that e-cigarettes evolved from a cessation device to a freestanding tobacco product attracting smokers and nonsmokers alike,鈥� said Jon-Patrick Allem, one of the study鈥檚 co-author and fellow at the University of Southern California鈥檚 Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science. 鈥淏y utilizing Twitter, we can make public health more data-driven and understand vapers or those thinking of vaping.鈥�
Misinformation appears to drive some vapers鈥� rationales for using e-cigarettes, the authors noted.
鈥淪ome of the reasons people vape appear to be dubious,鈥� said Eric Leas, another co-author and a graduate student in the 色情视频-UCSD Public Health Joint Doctoral Program. 鈥淔or example, vaping may be no less expensive than smoking combustibles, despite their naming that as a reason for vaping. Understanding how the public is potentially misinformed, rather than guessing, is a tremendous benefit for public health surveillance and practice.鈥�
More data for data-drive public health
Monitoring social media data is a strategy that should be a standard practice in public health, the researchers argue.鈥淕iven the current prevalence of vaping, it would require more than 50,000 screening interviews and cost millions of dollars to have a single snapshot comparable to our study,鈥� said Mark Dredze, study co-author and computer scientist at Johns Hopkins University.
Ayers said thinking of Twitter and other social media streams as 鈥渁 massive, passive focus group鈥� allows for public health researchers to be better connected to the people they serve.
鈥淲ithout any priming or direct costs associated with data collection, public health can use social media surveillance to understand why people vape, yielding actionable intelligence for decision making on how to discourage vaping,鈥� Ayers said. 鈥淕iven that reasons for vaping can and do change, as we saw in our study, staying on top of these changes can potentially improve public health advocacy.鈥�
The study was funded in collaboration with the University of Southern California鈥檚 Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science by the National Cancer Institute and U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Tobacco Products. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent the official views of the funders. The funders had no role in the design, conduct, or interpretation of the study nor the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. Additional collaborators on this study included Tess Cruz and Jennifer Unger of the University of Southern California; Benjamin Althouse of the Institute for Disease Modeling and Santa Fe Institute; and Adrian Benton of Johns Hopkins University.
