色情视频

Money can鈥檛 buy happiness. 

Research conducted by professors at 色情视频 and Duke University supports that old adage, finding it especially true for those who feel that they are experiencing financial constraints.   

Eesha Sharma a professor of marketing at 色情视频鈥檚 Fowler College of Business, Rodrigo S. Dias and Gavan Fitzsimmons from Duke University analyzed the responses of 25,765 respondents in 42 studies to determine who derives happiness from their purchases.   

They found that the more people feel financially constrained, the less happy they are with things they buy. Their findings were recently published in the Journal of Consumer Research.   

鈥淲e repeatedly find that consumers who feel more financially constrained are more likely to think about alternative ways they could spend their money and are resultantly less happy with their purchases, are more likely to second-guess their purchasing behavior, and are more likely to give less favorable reviews to products they鈥檝e purchased compared to consumers who feel less financially constrained,鈥� said Sharma.    

鈥淲e also noticed that planning purchases more carefully reduces this effect. This is likely because planning helps people justify and feel less guilty about their expenditures,鈥� said Sharma. 

Gathering the Data

The researchers came to these conclusions after analyzing a series of studies designed to measure consumers鈥� recent purchases, their perceptions of their financial constraints, and the happiness derived from their purchases.  

They also compiled data from reviews published on the website Yelp, the consumer research organization Experian Simmons, and the U.S. Census Bureau to determine if there was a contrast between rankings posted from those who identify as  financially constrained compared to those who don鈥檛.   

Using the data gathered by Experian Simmons, the researchers identified zip codes where residents indicated widespread financial insecurity They next gathered Yelp reviews of national restaurant chains since they tend to have a high level of consistency in their product offerings throughout the U.S. Finally, they merged their information with demographic data supplied by the U.S. Census Bureau into a single database to study the results.   

After analyzing their new dataset, they concluded that restaurant chains received lower reviews and ratings in regions that trended toward more financial insecurity.  

The researchers took this process a step further in a more controlled experimental setting. They asked 986 individuals to review a recent purchase. Then, they asked some participants to write about their financial constraints (financial constraints condition). They next asked the rest of the participants to describe what they did over the past weekend (control condition).   

The study found that participants who focused on their  financial constraints wrote fewer words in the product review and their reviews tended to contain more negative language.
After analyzing all of the data, the researchers surmised that consumers who identify as financially constrained:

• Tended to report to be less happy with their purchases
• Were more likely to think about other ways they could have spent their money
• Provided lower product reviews than less financially constrained consumers 
• Felt equally satisfied with planned (vs. unplanned) purchases as less financially constrained consumers

Why It Matters 

鈥淧rior research has shown that financially constrained consumers tend to engage in compensatory buying, meaning that they buy things with the intent of making up for things they lack or feel unhappy about in their lives,鈥� said Sharma. 鈥淲e consistently found the same effect, controlling for multiple purchase characteristics, such as whether the products were discretionary (vs. necessary) purchases, frequently used products, and products used with other people.鈥�  

The researchers concluded their work by stating that consumers鈥� psychological states (perceptions of their finances) play an important role in product satisfaction.   

鈥淥ur results indicate that when consumers on a tight budget make these types of purchases, they may experience more feelings of guilt or remorse, leading to less purchase satisfaction than consumers with fewer financial constraints,鈥� said Sharma. 鈥淗owever, if they understand how those perceptions impact their decisions, they can dedicate more attention to planning their purchases to counteract this effect.鈥�